According to the latest data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the overall mechanization rate of China's major crops has exceeded 70 percent, and the production of the three major grains has been basically mechanized, but the development of mechanization among different agricultural industries and different regions is still very uneven.Experts said that in the future, we should target the three areas of facility agriculture, hilly and mountainous areas and animal husbandry, and promote agricultural mechanization from planting to animal husbandry and facility agriculture, and expand from plain areas to hilly and mountainous areas.
The autumn harvest is in full swing across the country, and all kinds of agricultural machinery are galloping across the vast fields.However, there are still many places and links to rely on human and animal power.The latest data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs show that at present, the comprehensive mechanization rate of major crops in China has exceeded 70%, and the production of the three main grains has been basically mechanized, but the development of mechanization among different agricultural industries and different regions is still very uneven:The mechanization rate of fruits, vegetables, tea and other crops is less than 40 percent, while the mechanization rate of animal husbandry, fisheries, and facility agriculture is only 30 to 35 percent. There is a huge gap between hilly areas and plain areas.
Mechanization has played an important role in China's agriculture, which has maintained steady development amid an aging workforce, said Luo Xiwen, an academician with the Chinese Academy of Engineering and honorary president of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery.The development of agricultural mechanization with Chinese characteristics, characterized by government support and socialized agricultural machinery services, has become a model for developing countries.In the future, we should focus on the three areas of facility agriculture, hilly and mountainous areas and animal husbandry, and promote the extension of agricultural mechanization from planting to animal husbandry and facility agriculture, and from plain areas to hills and mountainous areas.
Facility greenhouses towards "Fingertip agriculture"
China is the largest country in facility agriculture, which has broken the production pattern of relying on the weather for food and open-air farming, but there are also some shortcomings.Tu Zhiqiang, deputy head of the Agricultural Machinery Extension Station of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said that the mechanization level of facility agriculture is only 30%, less than half of the mechanization level of planting industry, and production is still dominated by human labor, which is difficult to hire and expensive.Because land is difficult and expensive, many existing production facilities have insufficient indoor space, which is not convenient for mechanized operations.
Globally, the Netherlands, Australia and other countries have basically realized mechanization of facility agriculture, with high production efficiency and unit output rate, and are moving toward the direction of informatization.For example, the high yield level of tomato in China's solar greenhouse is about 22 kg/m2, which is only 43% of the average tomato yield in Holland's greenhouse.Affected by the operating environment and production scale, China's facility agriculture mechanization is not enough to develop the problem is very prominent: in the facility horticulture field, seedling cultivation and grafting, transplanting, harvesting and other equipment shortage, low labor productivity per capita;In the field of facility breeding, precision feeding, environmental regulation, stratified fishing and other aspects of mechanization development is slow.
In recent years, local governments have made a lot of efforts to combine the mechanization of facility agriculture with intelligence.Beijing Xialicheng Facility Agriculture Cooperative is one of the core bases of Beijing Facility Agriculture Internet of Things demonstration project.Here, the intelligent control system of the Internet of Things continuously monitors outdoor temperature, humidity, wind speed and other indicators, and collects real-time environmental and biological information parameters in the greenhouse.The network irrigation management system can save water by 69%, and the intelligent pesticide application system can save pesticide by 15% to 20%. The whole system can shorten the time from chrysanthemum to bud by 5 to 7 days, and increase the commercialization rate by 15 percentage points.
In the birthplace of winter warming greenhouse vegetables shouguang City, Shandong province, modern agricultural high-tech test and demonstration base, a single covers an area of 120 acres of intelligent greenhouse eye-catching.It was designed by Zhao Chunjiang, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and director of the National Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Informatization.
"Information has become the most important element in smart agricultural production."Zhao Chunjiang believes that China's facility agriculture is characterized by significantly enhanced informatization and accelerated integration development. It is necessary to promote intelligent facilities and equipment and socialization of production services while updating and iterating facility greenhouses.
Solving "Difficult to get into the field" in hilly and mountainous areas
"Cattle can enter, iron cattle can not enter", the department of Agricultural mechanization management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs research group found that agricultural machinery "difficult to get into the field" is the main bottleneck of agricultural mechanization development in hilly areas.On the one hand, the cultivated land conditions in hilly areas are poor, the terrain is complex, the field is broken, many plots of slope ridges, irregular shape, most of the large and medium-sized agricultural machinery is difficult to pass the operation.On the other hand, planting varieties, the use of traditional intercropping, intercropping and other planting patterns are more common, small and scattered, the need for a variety of agricultural machinery equipment, machinery and tools research and development problems are many and complex, so that many RESEARCH and development institutions and agricultural machinery enterprises are discouraged.
Zhang Taolin, vice minister of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said China's hilly areas are mainly found in more than 1,400 counties and cities in 19 provinces.For a long time, due to the limitation of natural conditions, many places lack of mechanized farming roads, coupled with the complex agronomic cultivation model, not many applicable machines and tools, seriously restricted the development of mechanization.In 2019, the mechanization rate of crop cultivation and harvest in hilly areas was only 48 percent, 22 percentage points lower than the national average.In the face of this shortcoming, hilly areas carry out farmland "suitable for mechanization" transformation and construction, so that the original "palm field" "chicken nest" into a horizontal stage of agricultural machinery.
During the cold dew season, in Xinglong village, Tianjiu Town, Dingnan County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, late rice is growing happily. Local grain producer Long Xinhua is checking and repairing farm machinery in preparation for autumn harvest.Local hilly and mountainous land "suitable for mechanization" transformation, for the use of large and medium-sized agricultural machinery to create conditions.The county bureau of agricultural machinery related person in charge of introduction, up to now, the county has completed the central agricultural machinery subsidy funds to declare about 2,045 million yuan, compared with last year's growth of 283.7%, subsidies agricultural machinery and tools 327 (set).
(agriculture) research in recent years, the country's public welfare industry special supports hilly mountain small agricultural machinery technology research demonstration project, "much starker choices-and graver consequences-in" key national development plan "intelligent agricultural machinery equipment in major projects", set up "hilly mountain tractor key technology research and overall development" and other three projects, a group of applicable hilly machinery research and development production.The central government allocated 57 billion yuan in subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery in 19 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government in hilly and mountainous areas, supporting rural households in purchasing 20 million sets of machinery and tools. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs organized 98 demonstration counties for full mechanization in hilly and mountainous areas, and set up a number of demonstration townships in various localities, thus promoting the development of agricultural mechanization in hilly and mountainous areas.
Animal husbandry pursues "Human-managed Equipment"
"At present, the livestock and poultry farming is dominated by small and medium-sized farmers, whose breeding volume accounts for more than 80 percent, but the mechanization level is less than 30 percent, of which the mechanization level of pig farming is about 30 percent, the mechanization level of layer and broiler farming is about 40 percent, beef cattle, waterfowl mechanization level is generally less than 30 percent.The degree of mechanization in waste collection and treatment, engineering epidemic prevention, planting and breeding cycle is generally low."Yang Zhenhai, director of the animal husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said accelerating the development of livestock and poultry farming means the livestock industry should shift from the traditional model of "artificial feeding" to the modern model of "human-managed equipment".
Take live pigs as an example, most pig farms in China have simple facilities, lack of automatic environmental control equipment, and feed conversion rate is more than 10% lower than that of developed countries.Since last year, the national capacity recovery measures and promote more pigs, some pigs breeding enterprise launched the "pig" building mode, maximum play to the role of the advanced facilities and equipment, implement the intelligent feeding equipment, air filtration, waste treatment, efficient coordination, one over ten of the land is only ordinary pig farms, per sow of weaned piglets 28 head,That's 10 more than the national average.
The reporter learned that, along with the mechanization of animal husbandry development, modern biotechnology, information technology, automatic control technology has also been applied.Through the animal identification and traceability system developed by RADIO frequency identification technology, tracking and monitoring of livestock and poultry feeding, transportation, slaughtering and other links, pigs wear electronic earrings, the individual status of all in control;Cattle are fitted with electronic collars that can locate grazing cattle and monitor their growth cycles.Large enterprises integrate the Internet of Things technology with animal husbandry machinery, automatically collect, summarize and analyze production data, and manage the whole process of livestock and poultry production more refined, becoming an intelligent label of animal husbandry.
Liu Changquan, director of the Industrial Economics department of the Agricultural Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said that the most effective way to promote mechanization of animal husbandry, especially for small and medium-sized farmers, is to promote the socialization of agricultural machinery services and appropriate scale of animal husbandry operations.The socialized agricultural machinery service organizations, such as the preparation and supply of fodder, the collection and treatment of livestock and poultry manure, and the epidemic prevention of specialized projects, should be regarded as the main forces to promote the mechanization of large-scale farming, and they should be inclined in terms of capital and technology, so as to solve the problems that cannot be solved in each household.